Savarkar: Hindutva and Hindutvaism

Introduction

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's views on Hindutva are crucial in Indian politics. He stressed self-respect for Hindus, advocating for a society thriving on its religion, culture, and land. He saw Hinduism as a unifying force for independence and development. His 'Hindutvaism' seeks to unite these aspects, promoting a unique and secure Hindu nation.

Biography

Born on May 28, 1883, near Nashik, Savarkar was a key figure in India's freedom struggle. Educated at Ferguson College, he formed secret societies like Mitra Mela (later Abhinav Bharat Society). He wrote patriotic articles and, while studying law in the UK, joined India House and the Free India Society. His book on the 1857 war was banned. Arrested in 1910, he was imprisoned in the Cellular Jail for 50 years. Released later, he became a prominent journalist and continued advocating for his ideas until his death in 1966. His major works include The Indian War on Independence, Hindu Rashtra Darshan, Hindutva, and Inside the Enemy Camp.

Concept of Hindutva and Hinduism

Savarkar defined a Hindu as someone connected to their native land, caste, and culture. He saw Hindutva as promoting cultural unity, with Hindu religion and culture being the soul of Indian society. He emphasized equality and unity within Hinduism, aiming for national unity and social harmony. He saw Sanskrit and Prakrit as symbols of this unity, envisioning a unified nation from Ceylon to Kashmir. Savarkar differentiated between Hinduism and Hindutva, viewing the latter not as religious dogma but as a symbol of self-confidence and social unity, integral to national integration. He viewed 'Hindu' as representing geographical, racial, and cultural unity, reflecting India's diverse society. His ideas inspired a sense of collective identity and social harmony.

Political Ideas of Savarkar

Savarkar's political ideas centered on achieving complete independence for India. He envisioned a nation defined by its culture, language, and religion, advocating for awakening self-reliance within Indian society. His Hindutva concept emphasized cultural and religious unity, which he saw as the soul of the nation, giving a new direction to the freedom struggle.

Savarkar’s Views on Social Change

• Fight against Casteism: Savarkar advocated against caste discrimination and promoted social equality and unity.
• Opposition to Social Bonds: He challenged existing social constraints, promoting freedom and independence.
• Equality in Education: He championed equal access to education for all, regardless of caste or community.
• Spread of Education: He worked to expand educational opportunities, emphasizing its importance for societal progress.

Theory of Nationalism: Concept of Swaraj and Swadharma

Savarkar linked Swaraj (self-rule) and Swadharma (duty to protect one's religion). He believed Swaraj without Swadharma was meaningless, and vice versa. His concept of Swaraj differed from Gandhi's, emphasizing militarization and strength. He criticized non-violence and advocated for compulsory military training. He saw history as a source of strength and bravery to emulate. His vision of a Hindu nation prioritized the security of Hindus, evolving into the idea of Akhand Bharat after independence.

Summary

Savarkar's Hindutva ideology focused on uniting Hindu society and boosting its self-confidence. He viewed Hinduism as essential for national and social unity, advocating for a nation rooted in Hindu values, culture, and history. His religious nationalism prioritized religion for national growth and his Hindutva ideas promoted self-reliance and autonomy within Indian society.